Essential Linux Commands

Whether you are a beginner or an experienced user, these essential Linux commands will help you navigate, manage, and troubleshoot your system efficiently.

1️⃣ Navigation in the Filesystem

• pwd – Show the current working directory.
• ls – List files and folders.
  • ls -l – Detailed listing.
  • ls -a – Show hidden files.
• cd – Change directory.
  • cd ~ – Go to the home directory.
  • cd .. – Move up one directory level.

2️⃣ Working with Files

• touch file.txt – Create an empty file.
• cp file.txt /path/to/destination – Copy a file.
• mv file.txt new_name.txt – Rename or move a file.
• rm file.txt – Delete a file.
  • rm -r folder/ – Delete a folder recursively.

3️⃣ Viewing and Editing Files

• cat file.txt – Display file contents.
• less file.txt – View file contents with scrolling.
• nano file.txt – Open a file in a simple text editor.
• vim file.txt – Open a file in an advanced text editor (steeper learning curve).

4️⃣ Permissions

• chmod 755 file.sh – Change file permissions (read/write/execute).
• chown user:group file.txt – Change the owner and group of a file.

5️⃣ Searching

• find / -name "file.txt" – Search for a file by name.
• grep "text" file.txt – Search for text inside a file.

6️⃣ Networking

• ping google.com – Test network connectivity.
• ifconfig or ip a – Show network interfaces and IP addresses.
• ssh user@host – Connect to a remote server via SSH.

7️⃣ Process Management

• ps aux – Display running processes.
• kill PID – Terminate a process by its ID.
• top or htop – Monitor system resource usage.

8️⃣ Installing Software

• Debian/Ubuntu: sudo apt install package
• RHEL/CentOS: sudo yum install package
• Arch Linux: sudo pacman -S package

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